Role of country of origin and state of residence for dietary change among foreign-born adults in the US.

Place of origin and place of current residence may shape migrants' health-related behaviors. Using the nationally-representative US New Immigrant Survey (n = 7930), we examined associations between country of origin, state of residence, and dietary changes among foreign-born adults. 65% of migrants reported dietary change since immigration (mean score = 7.3; range = 1-10); 6% of the variance was explained by country of origin characteristics; 1.6% by US state of residence; 1.4% by their interaction. Country of origin factors, specifically availability of animal source foods and sweets, were associated with dietary change, availability of sweets also including greater abandonment of specific foods and adoption of others.

Unhealthy weight among young children in the Middle East and North African region.

OBJECTIVE: To understand early-life growth in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, and how it has changed over time, we estimated the prevalence of wasting and overweight at ages under 5 years. DESIGN: Cross-sectional data from twenty-nine Demographic and Health Surveys with direct anthropometric data and parent-reported demographic information were examined. The study utilised the WHO Child Growth Standards to classify overweight (weight-for-height z-score ≥ 2 sd above the median), wasting (weight-for-height z-score ≤ 2 sd below the median) and unhealthy weight defined as either wasting or overweight. SETTING: Nationally representative for nine of the MENA countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey and Yemen). PARTICIPANTS: Children under age 5 from nine MENA countries between 1987 and 2016 (n 155 961). RESULTS: Across the region, at the most recent time point, between 7·3 and 23·6 % of children experienced unhealthy weight (Jordan - 7·3 %, Egypt -23·6 %); 1·7 and 16·6 % had wasting (Turkey, Yemen) and 2·0 and 15·0 % had overweight (Yemen, Egypt). Overweight was more common than wasting in all countries except Yemen and Mauritania. Between 1987 and 2016, the prevalence of unhealthy weight in the region increased (10·0-18·4 %) due to increases in both wasting and overweight. Boys had a higher prevalence of unhealthy weight than girls. CONCLUSION: Undernutrition continues to be a problem in some countries in the MENA region, and overnutrition is emerging as a health concern in many countries in the region. Countries in the region must advance programmes that reduce undernutrition while not overlooking or inadvertently promoting overnutrition.

Do diabetes phenotypes in US women differ by race/ethnicity? A population-based cluster analysis.

Objective: US women exhibit racial disparities in the lifetime risk of diabetes and related outcomes. Identifying heterogeneity in clinical presentation may assist with reducing racial disparities in diabetes outcomes. We identified clinical phenotypes of diabetes and examined their racial and ethnic distribution in US women. Research design and methods: We conducted cluster analysis based on five factors in US women with diagnosed diabetes assessed in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999-2018 (n = 825). Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to identify racial and ethnic differences in the distribution of phenotypes. Results: We identified four distinct clinical phenotypes. Two phenotypes, mild age-related and severe insulin-deficient diabetes, each included approximately a third of women. Mild insulin-resistant and severe insulin-resistant diabetes phenotypes accounted for 19.9% and 13.7%, respectively. The distribution of clusters did not differ by race and ethnicity. Conclusions: The prevalence of four clinically distinct diabetes phenotypes identified in US women did not differ by race and ethnicity.

Weight patterns among mother-child pairs in the Middle East and North African Region.

AIM: We aim to evaluate weight status in mother-child household pairs and patterns specific to over-nutrition households and double burden households. METHODS: We used nationally representative data from the most recent Demographic and Health Survey (2001-2014) in the Middle East & North African (MENA) Region (n = 45,104) to examine weight status of mother-child dyads. Under-nutrition households were defined as mothers with underweight and children with wasting; over-nutrition households as mothers with overweight/obesity and children with overweight; and double burden households as mothers with underweight and children with overweight or mothers with overweight/obesity mother and children with wasting. Survey-adjusted multinomial logistic regression were used to quantify predictors of weight patterns. RESULTS: Across the MENA region, 8.6% of households were experiencing double burden malnutrition, 11% were experiencing over-nutrition and 0.2% were experiencing under-nutrition. Wealthier households with older mothers, higher birth-order children, more educated parents and private water access were more likely to be over-nutrition or double burden households. Compared to over-nutrition households, double burden households were poorer and more likely to have a child with low birthweight. CONCLUSIONS: Over-nutrition is the most common unhealthy weight pattern, followed by double-burden; socioeconomic status and birth weight are consistent predictors of unhealthy mother-child pairs.